casting a raycast from the raycast hit.point

I don't know why Physics.RaycastAll() did not solve this problem for you. The results are not necessarily sorted, so you may have to sort them, but it should return the same set of objects and hit points as the algorithm you outline.

If the number of enemies is small, one easier solution would be to Raycast against the colliders of all your enemies. Assuming your enemies are tagged, you could do:

 var enemies = GameObject.FindGameObjectsWithTag("Enemy");
 for (var enemy : GameObject in emenies) {
     if (enemy.collider.Raycast(position, direction, hit) {
         // Do whatever you need for a hit
     }
 }

Note this code is using Collider.Raycast() which raycasts agains a specific collider, not Physics.Raycast() which raycasts against the scene.

If you really want what you describe, and if all of your colliders are convex, then you can do something like this:

 var position : Vector3;  // Should be initialized to the first position 
 var direction : Vector3; // Should be initialized to direction to ray cast
 var hit : RaycastHit;
 
 var shortMove = direction.normalized * 0.05;  // Creates a short vector in the direction to cast:
 
 while (Physics.Raycast(position, direction, hit)) {
     // do whatever
     position = hit.point + shortMove;  // Move inside the mesh just hit
 }