Standalone executable builds successfully, but the executable does (almost) nothing when run

I've put together the first playable build of a game and I'd like to send it to a couple friends to make sure everything so far is working as intended. The project so far just consists of a single main game scene, and that scene works in the editor; it plays without issue. I opened build settings, included the main game scene as the only scene in the build, and had Unity make a standalone Windows x86 executable build.

Unity created the build without issue. When I run the executable, a short "Made with Unity" splash screen appears, and then...

...nothing.

No part of the scene is displayed. The program stops responding as soon as the splash screen is done.

I wish I could provide more information, but unfortunately, this is all I have. No error messages appear beyond the standard "this program has stopped responding, wait or kill?". No log file is produced. Unity is surprisingly unhelpful in finding the cause of this problem.

I tried making a WebGL build, as well. This took a few minutes, but this build worked as intended. It ran just as smoothly as it did in editor. However, I would greatly prefer a standalone executable if at all possible.

Any ideas as to what could possibly be wrong?