Collision of particles with the box collider 2d does not work if the box collider 2d with the trigger checkbox marked

The answer is simple, one collider that is trigger never get collisions or physics its only for events, you need to unselect the trigger option and the particle system is going to collision with the collider

know this is a little old but I did figure out a really simple way to do this.

In Unity on the particle system just make sure the Triggers section is checked and attach this script to the same GameObject

 using UnityEngine;
 
 public class Test : MonoBehaviour
 {
     // The particle System
     private ParticleSystem sys;
     // Array of alive particles
     private ParticleSystem.Particle[] aliveParticles;
     // The 2d collider that we want to collide with
     // the particle system
     private BoxCollider2D boxCollider;
     
     // Called when any particle meets the condition
     // of the trigger section of the particle system
     private void OnParticleTrigger()
     {
         // Check to see what needs to be initialized
         InitializeIfNeeded();
         
         // Get the particles that are currently alive
         // and store them in the array
         sys.GetParticles(aliveParticles);
 
         // Loop through the particles in the array
         foreach (ParticleSystem.Particle particle in aliveParticles)
         {
             // Check for collision
             if (boxCollider.bounds.Intersects(new Bounds(particle.position, particle.GetCurrentSize3D(sys))))
             {
                 Debug.Log("Success");
             }
         }
     }
 
     // Initialize the variables only once
     private void InitializeIfNeeded()
     {
         // Get the 2d trigger collider from the GameObject
         // This can be done in several different ways, I chose
         // to add a tag and find it that way
         if (boxCollider == null)
             boxCollider = GameObject.FindGameObjectWithTag("HurtBox").GetComponent<BoxCollider2D>();
         
         // Get the particle system we want to collide with and
         // add the 2d trigger collider to it
         if (sys == null)
         {
             sys = GetComponent<ParticleSystem>();
             sys.trigger.SetCollider(0, boxCollider);
         }
         
         // Initialize the array that holds the alive particles
         if (aliveParticles == null)
             aliveParticles = new ParticleSystem.Particle [sys.main.maxParticles];
     }
 }