Transfer lighting and other information from 3D sphere to 2D plane

I'm not sure if I can explain myself that well. But if I have a globe a planet say, and I dont want to use it as the actual thing, I want to use it as a proxy a visual prop as it were. I want to use a 2D map like the maps we have on walls and in books. How do I transfer the lighting of the sun falling onto the 3D sphere onto the 2D map?

I should be able to use the UV in some way but I'm not sure where to begin. Any help would be appreciated.